【環境を所与のものと考え、他者や具体的な状況に対する不適応を、個人内部の混乱と捉える精神分析的方法は不十分である。環境は彼にとっての擬似環境であり、不可視で不可解な世論、政治的環境と意見を通じて相互作用している。(ウォルター・リップマン(1889-1974))】
The chief difficulty in adapting the psychoanalytic scheme to political thought arises in this connection. The Freudians are concerned with the maladjustment of distinct individuals to other individuals and to concrete circumstances. They have assumed that if internal derangements could be straightened out, there would be little or no confusion about what is the obviously normal relationship. But public opinion deals with indirect, unseen, and puzzling facts, and there is nothing obvious about them. The situations to which public opinions refer are known only as opinions. The psychoanalyst, on the other hand, almost always assumes that the environment is knowable, and if not knowable then at least bearable, to any unclouded intelligence. This assumption of his is the problem of public opinion. Instead of taking for granted an environment that is readily known, the social analyst is most concerned in studying how the larger political environment is conceived, and how it can be conceived more successfully. The psychoanalyst examines the adjustment to an X, called by him the environment; the social analyst examines the X, called by him the pseudo-environment.
(出典:Walter Lippmann"Public Opinion",PART I. INTRODUCTION, I. The World Outside and the Pictures in Our HeadsPublic Opinion(Walter Lippmann))
(索引:環境,擬似環境,世論,政治的環境)
【喜び、痛み、あるいは良心の声、安全、名声、支配への欲求、自己実現欲求など、人間にはこれら本能的な性質があるにしても、結果として生じる行動を説明できない。彼の擬似環境、すなわち世界の内部表現が決定的な要素である。(ウォルター・リップマン(1889-1974))】
Try to explain social life as the pursuit of pleasure and the avoidance of pain. You will soon be saying that the hedonist begs the question, for even supposing that man does pursue these ends, the crucial problem of why he thinks one course rather than another likely to produce pleasure, is untouched. Does the guidance of man's conscience explain? How then does he happen to have the particular conscience which he has? The theory of economic self-interest? But how do men come to conceive their interest in one way rather than another? The desire for security, or prestige, or domination, or what is vaguely called self-realization? How do men conceive their security, what do they consider prestige, how do they figure out the means of domination, or what is the notion of self which they wish to realize? Pleasure, pain, conscience, acquisition, protection, enhancement, mastery, are undoubtedly names for some of the ways people act. There may be instinctive dispositions which work toward such ends. But no statement of the end, or any description of the tendencies to seek it, can explain the behavior which results. The very fact that men theorize at all is proof that their pseudo-environments, their interior representations of the world, are a determining element in thought, feeling, and action. For if the connection between reality and human response were direct and immediate, rather than indirect and inferred, indecision and failure would be unknown, and (if each of us fitted as snugly into the world as the child in the womb), Mr. Bernard Shaw would not have been able to say that except for the first nine months of its existence no human being manages its affairs as well as a plant.
(出典:Walter Lippmann"Public Opinion",PART I. INTRODUCTION, I. The World Outside and the Pictures in Our HeadsPublic Opinion(Walter Lippmann))
(索引:喜び,痛み,良心の声,自己実現欲求,本能,世界の内部表現)
【人は、直接の確実な知識に基づいて行動するのではなく、自分で想像し作成した描像に基づいて行動する。その描像は、その瞬間の彼の感情、希望、努力を決定するが、現実に何が達成されるか、結果するかは決定しはしない。(ウォルター・リップマン(1889-1974))】
This, then, will be the clue to our inquiry. We shall assume that what each man does is based not on direct and certain knowledge, but on pictures made by himself or given to him. If his atlas tells him that the world is flat he will not sail near what he believes to be the edge of our planet for fear of falling off. If his maps include a fountain of eternal youth, a Ponce de Leon will go in quest of it. If someone digs up yellow dirt that looks like gold, he will for a time act exactly as if he had found gold. The way in which the world is imagined determines at any particular moment what men will do. It does not determine what they will achieve. It determines their effort, their feelings, their hopes, not their accomplishments and results. The very men who most loudly proclaim their "materialism" and their contempt for "ideologues," the Marxian communists, place their entire hope on what? On the formation by propaganda of a class-conscious group. But what is propaganda, if not the effort to alter the picture to which men respond, to substitute one social pattern for another? What is class consciousness but a way of realizing the world? National consciousness but another way? And Professor Giddings' consciousness of kind, but a process of believing that we recognize among the multitude certain ones marked as our kind?
(出典:Walter Lippmann"Public Opinion",PART I. INTRODUCTION, I. The World Outside and the Pictures in Our HeadsPublic Opinion(Walter Lippmann))
(索引:擬似環境,感情,希望,努力)
【限りなく複雑で多様な実際の環境を知るには、選択、再構成、パターン化、モデル化する表現された擬似環境が必要である。これには、完全な幻想から科学的なモデルまで幅があるだろうが、どの程度忠実に現実を把握しているかの考慮が必要である。(ウォルター・リップマン(1889-1974))】
By fictions I do not mean lies. I mean a representation of the environment which is in lesser or greater degree made by man himself. The range of fiction extends all the way from complete hallucination to the scientists' perfectly self-conscious use of a schematic model, or his decision that for his particular problem accuracy beyond a certain number of decimal places is not important. A work of fiction may have almost any degree of fidelity, and so long as the degree of fidelity can be taken into account, fiction is not misleading. In fact, human culture is very largely the selection, the rearrangement, the tracing of patterns upon, and the stylizing of, what William James called "the random irradiations and resettlements of our ideas." [Footnote: James, Principles of Psychology, Vol. II, p. 638] The alternative to the use of fictions is direct exposure to the ebb and flow of sensation. That is not a real alternative, for however refreshing it is to see at times with a perfectly innocent eye, innocence itself is not wisdom, though a source and corrective of wisdom. For the real environment is altogether too big, too complex, and too fleeting for direct acquaintance. We are not equipped to deal with so much subtlety, so much variety, so many permutations and combinations. And although we have to act in that environment, we have to reconstruct it on a simpler model before we can manage with it. To traverse the world men must have maps of the world. Their persistent difficulty is to secure maps on which their own need, or someone else's need, has not sketched in the coast of Bohemia.
(出典:Walter Lippmann"Public Opinion",PART I. INTRODUCTION, I. The World Outside and the Pictures in Our HeadsPublic Opinion(Walter Lippmann))
(索引:環境,擬似的環境,選択,再構成,パターン化,モデル化)
【人は、自らが真であると信じている擬似的な環境に基づいて反応するが、反応は実際の環境で起こる。反応が感情にとどまる場合、時間がかかるかもしれないが、反応が物や他の人々に対する行為の場合には、現実との矛盾がすぐに顕在化する。(ウォルター・リップマン(1889-1974))】
In all these instances we must note particularly one common factor. It is the insertion between man and his environment of a pseudo-environment. To that pseudo-environment his behavior is a response. But because it is behavior, the consequences, if they are acts, operate not in the pseudo-environment where the behavior is stimulated, but in the real environment where action eventuates. If the behavior is not a practical act, but what we call roughly thought and emotion, it may be a long time before there is any noticeable break in the texture of the fictitious world. But when the stimulus of the pseudo-fact results in action on things or other people, contradiction soon develops. Then comes the sensation of butting one's head against a stone wall, of learning by experience, and witnessing Herbert Spencer's tragedy of the murder of a Beautiful Theory by a Gang of Brutal Facts, the discomfort in short of a maladjustment. For certainly, at the level of social life, what is called the adjustment of man to his environment takes place through the medium of fictions.
(出典:Walter Lippmann"Public Opinion",PART I. INTRODUCTION, I. The World Outside and the Pictures in Our HeadsPublic Opinion(Walter Lippmann))
(索引:環境,擬似的環境,感情,行為,現実との矛盾)
【環境は間接的にしか知り得ず、知っている世界と、知る必要がある世界が異なり矛盾することさえある。このことは、他の人々や時代については気づくが、自分のことになると、真であると信じることが、環境そのものであるかのように行動し失敗する。(ウォルター・リップマン(1889-1974))】
Looking back we can see how indirectly we know the environment in which nevertheless we live. We can see that the news of it comes to us now fast, now slowly; but that whatever we believe to be a true picture, we treat as if it were the environment itself. It is harder to remember that about the beliefs upon which we are now acting, but in respect to other peoples and other ages we flatter ourselves that it is easy to see when they were in deadly earnest about ludicrous pictures of the world. We insist, because of our superior hindsight, that the world as they needed to know it, and the world as they did know it, were often two quite contradictory things. We can see, too, that while they governed and fought, traded and reformed in the world as they imagined it to be, they produced results, or failed to produce any, in the world as it was. They started for the Indies and found America. They diagnosed evil and hanged old women. They thought they could grow rich by always selling and never buying. A caliph, obeying what he conceived to be the Will of Allah, burned the library at Alexandria.
(出典:Walter Lippmann"Public Opinion",PART I. INTRODUCTION, I. The World Outside and the Pictures in Our HeadsPublic Opinion(Walter Lippmann))
(索引:環境,擬似的環境)
